BIO 202 Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Outlines

Last Modified: Spring, 2012 (J. Crimando).

BIO202 Anatomy & Physiology
Lecture Outline 1: Endocrine System

I. Compare & contrast endocrine vs exocrine glands
  A. Define "hormone"
  B. What is the single defining characterisitic of all endocrine glands?
  C. Name several examples of endocrine and exocrine glands

II. Compare & contrast hormonal vs neuronal systems
  A. Why are both systems used to regulate body function? (why not just rely on one or the other?)
  B. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system?
  C. Compare and contrast hormones and neurotransmitters as signalling molecules
  D. Identify the general effects regulated by hormones

III. Types (classes) of hormones (name several examples of each):
  A. Biogenic amines
  B. Peptides & proteins
  C. Eicosanoids
  D. Steroids

IV. Mechanisms of hormonal action:
   A. Explain the requirement for specific hormone receptors on target tissues
     1. what defines a cell or tissue as a "target" for hormonal action?
   A. Lipid-soluble hormones
     1. identify the location of hormone receptors in target cell
     2. explain the general mechanism to alter genetic regulation
      (how does a hormone in blood cause altered gene function in certain cells?)
   B. Water soluble hormones
     1. identify the location of hormone receptors in target cell
     2. explain the general mechanism to alter genetic regulation
     3. describe the "second messenger system"
        a. role of G-coupled receptors
        b. action of adenlyate cyclase
        c. define and describe cAMP
        d. what is the significance of altering kinase activity in target cells? (how can this change cell functions)?

V. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis:
  A. Review structural relationships (from BIO 201)
     1. identify specific locations of these structures
     2. describe the surrounding cranial structures
     3. review functions of hypothalamic nuclei (especially the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei)
     4. Identify and describe the anterior (adenohypophysis) pituitary
     5. Identify and posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary
     6. Infundibular vascular portal system
        a. explain how the portal system is used in pituitary regulation

VI. Hypothalamus
  A. Major endocrine functions of the hypothalamus:
     1. review neuronal functions from BIO201 also
  B. Define "releasing" and "inhibiting" hormones
     1.explain the advantages and disadvantages of relying on releasing and inhibiting hormones to regulate the pituitary
     2. identify: GHRH, GHIH, TRH, GnRH, PRH, PIH, CRH,

VII. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) functions:
  A. Hormones
     1. identify GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, and MSH
     2. explain the endocrinologic basis of the following disorders. . .
        a. dwarfism
        b. giantism
        c. acromegaly
     3. how can these disorders be distinguished from each other in patients?
     4. explain the "diabetogenic effect" of GH.

VIII. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis):
  A. Identify these hormones. . .
     1. oxytocin (OT)
        a. what are the functions of OT?
        b. describe the milk let-down reflex and the role of OT
        c. describe is the general mechanism of regulating OT secretion?
     2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
        a. what are the functions of ADH?
        c. describe is the general mechanism of regulating ADH secretion?
  C. Explain the endocrinologic basis of diabetes insipidus
     1. what do the terms "diabetes" and "insipidus" refer to?

IX. Thyroid gland structure and function:
  A. Identify the structures associated with thyroid follicles
     1. identify the function of follicular cells
        a. what are the general effects caused by thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) in the body?
        b. explain the "calorigenic effect" of T3.
        c. briefly describe the production of T4 & T3 including the following terms. . .
            i. iodide/iodine
            ii. thyroglobulin (TGB)
            iii. colloid
            iv. tyrosine residues
            v. thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
     2. what triggers the release of T3 & T4 from the thyroid?
     3. identify the function of parafollicular cells (C cells)
        a. what is the role of calcitonin in the body?
  B. Explain the endocrinologic basis of these disorders
     1. Grave's disease
     2. goiter
     3. cretinism
     4. myxedema
        a. how is cretinism distinguished from dwarfism in patients (what are the different manifestations)?
     4. how can these disorders be distinguished from each other in patients?

X. Parathyroid gland structure and function
A. Identify the general function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B. Describe the hormonal regulation of calcium homeostasis
1. differentiate the roles of PTH and calcitonin in regulating blood calcium levels

XI. Adrenal gland structure and function
  A. Describe the location and general organization of the adrenal cortex
     1. describe the location of the zona glomerulosa
     2. describe the location of the zona fasciculata
     3. describe the location of the zona reticularis
  B. Describe the location of the adrenal medulla
  C. Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland. . .
     1. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
        a. produced in the zona glomerulosa
        b. state the general functions of aldosterone
        c. describe the general function of the renin-angiotension pathway (covered in more depth later in the course)
     2. glucocorticoids (cortisol)
        a. produced in the zona fasciculata
        b. state the general functions of glucocorticoids
        c. describe the regulatory pathway that controls cortisol secretion
            i. CRH, ACTH, cortisol regulatory loop
     3. androgens (including DHEA)
        a. produced in the zona reticularis
        b. state the general functions of androgens
     4. epinephrine and norepinephrine
        a. produced in the adrenal medulla (by the chromaffin cells)
        b. state the general functions of epinephrine
        c. how is the mechanism of stimulating epinephrine secretion different from cortisol secretion?
  B. Explain the endocrinologic basis of these disorders. . .
     1. Addison's disease
     2. Cushing's syndrome
     3. pheochromocytoma
     4. what are the typical manifestations of each of these disorders?

XII. Pancreas structure and function
  A. Identify and describe the general functions of Langerhan islets and acini
     1. identify the function of alpha cells
        a. describe the principle actions of glucagon
        b. describe the mechanism to control secretion of glucagon
     2. identify the function of beta cells
        a. describe the principle actions of insulin
        b. describe the mechanism to control the secretion of insulin
     3. identify the function of delta cells
     4. identify the funciton of F cells
  B. Explain the endocrinologic basis of these disorders. . .
     1. diabetes mellitus type I (IDDM)
     2. diabetes mellitus type II (adult-onset)
  C. How are type I and type II diabetes similar? How are they different?
     1. what does the terms "mellitus", "hyperglycemia", "glucosuria", "polyuria" and "polydipsia" refer to?
     2. explain what ketoacidosis is and how can develop in diabetes mellitus
     3. explain what "insulin shock" is, how it may occur and what are the dangerous effects of it in diabetic patients
     4. explain why diabetic patients often develop serious circulatory problems affecting the retina, heart and other tissues and organs

XIII. Other Endocrine Organs
  A. Ovaries & Testes
     1. identify the hormones produced by these glands
     2. we will cover these organs and hormones in much more depth later in the semester
  B. Pineal Gland
     1. identify the major effect of melatonin
     2. describe the regulatory mechanism controlling melatonin secretion
     3. describe seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and the potential role of melatonin in that disorder
  C. Thymus
     1. describe the location of the thymus gland
     2. identify the function of the thymic hormones (thymosin, etc.)
  D. Adipose Tissue
     1. briefly describe how leptin secretion is regulated
     2. identify primary target for leptin action
     3. identify the general effects on the body triggered by leptin

XIV. General Adaption Syndrome (Stress Response)
  A. "Stress"
     1. define "eustress" and "distress" and give an example of each
  B. Alarm reaction
     1. what is the main purpose of the alarm reaction?
     2. describe how the sympathetic nervous system is integrated with the endocrine system in the alarm reaction
     3. what is the control center that regulates the alarm reaction?
     4. what endocrine organs and hormones are involved in the alarm reaction and what are their roles?
     5. identify the effects caused by activation of the alarm reaction
  C. Resistance reaction
     1. what is the main purpose of the resistance reaction?
     2. in general, how is the resistance reaction different from the alarm reaction?
     3. what endocrine organs and hormones are involved in the resistance reaction and what are their roles?
  D. Exhaustion
     1. describe what causes potassium and glucose depletion that can lead to exhaustion
     2. how are the effects initiated by the alarm and resistance reaction involved in exhaustion?

XV. Stress and immunity
  A. Describe a study or anecdote that suggests distress can affect immune function and disease
  B. Describe the interaction between the following nervous, endocrine, and immune system molecules
     1. interleukin-1 (IL-1)
     2. ACTH
     3. cortisol
  D. Sympathetic innervation of lymphoid tissues
     4. what does the finding of sympathetic neurons innervating immune organs (thymus and lymph nodes) imply?
  E. What other type of evidence would you look for if you wanted to demonstrate that the nervous system, endocrine system and immune system could modulate each others activity?

This is only a general outline. There is much that has been discussed and presented in lecture that is not included in this outline. All material discussed in lecture is test-material whether or not it is included in this outline.