BIO 160 Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Outlines

BIO160 Anatomy & Physiology
Lecture Outline 6: Skeletal System

I. Bone Basics:

     A. Identify the major functions of the skeletal system.
        1. physical protection & support.
        2. calcium storage.
        3. blood cell production.
     B. Define the following anatomical terms:

1. diaphysis.
2. epiphysis.
3. epiphyseal (growth) plate.
4. articular cartilage.
5. periosteum.
6. compact bone tissue & distribution.
7. spongy bone tissue & distribution.

     C. Identify the functions the cells found in bone.
        1. osteoblast (bone-builder).
        2. osteoclast (bone-dissolver).
        3. osteocyte (bone-maintainer).
     D. Identify and describe the composition and function of bone matrix.
        1. calcium phosphate minerals.
        2. collagen fibers.
     E. Identify and describe the location, composition and function of bone marrow.
        1. red bone marrow.
        2. yellow bone marrow.
     F. Define the following bone tissue terms:

a. lamellae.
b. osteon.
c. central (Haversian) canal.
d. canaliculi.

     G. Briefly describe the processes of bone growth:
        1. endochondral ossification (for long bone growth).
        2. intramembranous ossification (for flat, irregular bone growth).
        3. remodeling (role of osteoblasts & osteoclasts).

II. The Skeletal System (axial & appendicular divisions):
     A. Locate and identify the major bones of the body (see lab list).
        1. we will cover these in lab - you are responsible for them in lecture also.
     B. The skull.
        1. locate & identify cranial and facial bones.
        2. locate and identify the four major cranial sutures.
        3. define and describe the following:
           a. fontanelles.
           b. microcephaly.
           c. paranasal sinuses.
           d. deviated nasal septum.
           e. cleft palate.
     C. The spinal column.
        1. locate and identify the spinal bones:
           a. cervical vertebrae (7).
           b. thoracic vertebrae (12).
           c. lumbar vertebrae (5).
           d. sacrum (1).
           e. coccyx (1).
        2. define and describe the following terms:
           a. scoliosis.
           b. lordosis.
           c. kyphosis.
           d. spina bifida.
        3. know male/female pelvic distinctions:

III. Articulations (joints):
     A. Describe the structural/functional classifications of joints.
        1. fibrous/immovable joints (name three examples).
        2. cartilaginous/slightly movable joints (name three examples).
        3. synovial/freely movable joints (name three examples).
     B. Describe the basic structure of synovial joints including:
        1. synovial membrane and capsule.
        2. synovial fluid.
        3. articular cartilage.
        4. bursae.
     C. Distinguish between the functions of tendons and ligaments.
     D. Shoulder joint:
        1. identify the bones and structures comprising the shoulder joint.
        2. identify the "rotator cuff" muscles.
           a. supraspinatus.
           b. infraspinatus.
           c. subscapularis.
           d. teres minor.
     E. Knee Joint:
        1. identify the bones and structures comprising the knee joint.
        2. identify the major groups of knee ligaments.
           a. collaterals (medial & lateral).
           b. cruciates (anterior & posterior).
           c. patellar.
     F. Bone & Joint Disorders:
        1. Briefly describe the following disorders (structures involved, manifestations, etc.).
           a. bursitis.
           b. rheumatoid arthritis.
           c. osteoarthritis.
           d. osteoporosis.

This is only a general outline. There is much that has been discussed and presented in lecture that is not included in this outline. All material discussed in lecture is test-material whether or not it is included in this outline.