Urinary & Reproductive Systems:

1) The nephron is:
     a. the site of urine storage
     b. the functional unit of the kidney
     c. the site where ADH is produced
     d. also called the "Bowman's capsule"

2. Which of the following is NOT a stage of urine formation:
     a. glomerular filtration
     b. glomerular secretion
     c. tubular secretion
     d. tubular reabsorption

3. Which of the following is NOT a means of regulating glomerular filtration:
     a. muscular regulation
     b. renal autoregulation
     c. hormonal regulation
     d. neuronal regulation

4. Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation of afferent arterioles results in:
     a. decreased filtrate production
     b. increased filtrate production
     c. no change in filtration rate
     d. increased kidney function

5. Renin is produced by:
     a. the glomerulus
     b. macula densa
     c. proximal convuluted tubule
     d. juxtaglomerular cells

6. The function of the macula densa cells is to:
     a. prevent water reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle
     b. add bicarbonate ions to the tubular filtrate
     c. secrete renin in response to decreased afferent arteriole pressure
     d. monitor NaCl concentration in the filtrate
     e. reabsorb Na+ ions into blood from the filtrate

7. Atrial naturiuretic peptide works to:
     a. increase afferent arteriole pressure
     b. increase blood flow to the kidney
     c. enhance the effects of ADH
     d. inhibit the effects of aldosterone
     e. increase blood volume

8. If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then:
     a. less sodium is excreted in the urine
     b. less potassium is excreted in the urine
     c. systemic blood pressure will decrease
     d. glomerular filtration will decrease
     e. both c and d

9. The most important function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is to:
     a. secrete water and sodium into the filtrate
     b. reabsorb sodium
     c. generate bicarbonate ions in response to decreased blood pH
     d. secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood pressure or blood flow
     e. constrict the afferent arterioles and decrease sodium reabsorption

10. If the diameter of the afferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the efferent arteriole, then:
     a. the net filtration pressure will decrease
     b. blood pressure in the glomerulus will decrease
     c. GFR will increase
     d. a and b only
     e. a, b and c

11. From the distal convoluted tubule, filtrate will then be carried to the:
     a. renal corpuscle
     b. collecting duct
     c. nephron loop
     d. proximal convoluted tubule
     e. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

12. In a patient who is dehydrated from vomiting and diarrhea, which is likely to be higher than normal in blood:
     a. ADH only
     b. aldosterone only
     c. ANP only
     d. both ADH and aldosterone
     e. both ADH and ANP

13. All of the following are normally found in urine except:
     a. glucose
     b. sodium ions
     c. uric acid
     d. urea
     e. creatinine

14. In some autoimmune diseases, capillaries may become damaged resulting in and high levels of albumin proteins and blood cells appearing in the urine. Which region of the nephron contains capillaries that, when damaged, could cause this appearance in urine:
     a. renal glomerulus
     b. proximal convoluted tubule
     c. nephron loop
     d. distal tubule

15. Spermatogenesis begins in the:
     a. epididymis
     b. uterine horn
     c. rete testis
     d. seminiferous tubule

16. Sertoli cells produce:
     a. mucus
     b. androgen-binding protein (ABP)
     c. testosterone
     d. FSH and LH

17. The site of oogenesis is the:
     a. ovary
     b. ovum
     c. fallopian tube
     d. uterus

18. In the first phase of the menstrual cycle:
     a. oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes
     b. about 20 secondary oocytes begin to enlarge
     c. the Graafian follicle ruptures
     d. the dominant follicle gobbles up all other oocytes

19. During ovulation all of the following occur EXCEPT:
     a. rupture of the Graafian follicle
     b. estrogen production is very low
     c. FSH and LH production is high
     d. formation of the corpus luteum

20. Optimal fertilization normally occurs in the:
     a. vagina
     b. uterus
     c. uterine horn
     d. ovary

21. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG):
     a. begins to be produced about 4 weeks post-fertilization
     b. is produced by the corpus luteum
     c. "rescues" and maintains the corpus luteum
     d. signals that a new menstrual cycle should begin

22. The placenta is fully developed by the _____ month if gestation:
     a. 1st
     b. 3rd
     c. 5th
     d. 7th

23. The fluid-filled sac which provides a protective cushion and acts as a "waste pail" for the developing embryo is the:
     a. yolk sac
     b. chorion
     c. placenta
     d. amnion

24. High levels of _______ found in the mother's blood can be an indicator of neurologic or hepatic abnormalities in the developing fetus:
     a. hCG
     b. GnRH
     c. AFP
     d. relaxin