2) Diagram or describe the processes, cells and molecules involved in cell-mediated immune protection against a virus infection.

3) Diagram or describe the processes, cells and molecules involved in the inflammatory process.

4) A person is stung by a scorpion goes for emergency medical care and, in order to to neutralize the toxin, recieves scorpion anti-toxin immunoglobulin (IgG) raised in a goat.  What is the danger if this person gets stung by a scorpion again and needs to receive another gamma globulin injection?

5) Since B-cells and T-cells look the same when performing a differential cell count, how can populations of T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells, and B-cells be separated and isolated by themselves for research?

6) If you have B-cell and T-cell clones capable of recognizing any type of antigen you encounter, why do you not have B-cell and T-cell clones that react against your own antigens and destroy your own cells?  (How does the immune system "learn" what is a foreign antigen and what is normal self  antigen?)

1) Which statement regarding blood cells is correct:
A) all blood cells originate in red bone marrow
B) red bone marrow is the primary source of all blood cells except mast cells and macrophage
C) most types of leukocytes appear in equal amounts in the blood
D) erythrocytes are produced in red marrow while leukocytes are produced primarily in lymph nodes
E) erythrocytes produce erythropoetin which stimulates leukocyte production   

2) Which of the following are organs where activation of T and B cells usually occurs:
A) bone marrow
B) thymus
C) lymph nodes
D) lymph vessels
E) all of the above

3) Lymph fluid is returned into general circulation by draining into the:
A) superior vena cava
B) azygos and hemiazygos veins
C) cisterna chyli
D) subclavian veins
E) left atrium

4) Nonspecific immunity includes all of the following except:
A) immunoglobulin
B) complement
C) interferons
D) neutrophils
E) lysozyme  

5) The most abundant immunoglobulin type found in blood is:
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgM
E) IgY  

6) Which of the following are most numerous in blood:
A) lymphocytes
B) neutrophils
C) monocytes
D) mast cells
E) eosinophils  

7) What is the role of complement in the body's defense:
A) it interferes with viral replication
B) it is involved with antibody production
C) it aids in antigen presentation
D) it causes cell lysis
E) it reduces inflammatory processes  

8) The necessity of expressing most antigens in the context of MHC to initiate specific immune responses is termed:
A) immune surveillance
B) clonal selection
C) MHC-restriction
D) MHC-presentation
E) tissue typing  

9) Which of the following is not a difference between IgG and IgM:
A) IgM is a pentamer while IgG is a monomer
B) IgM is found in lower amounts in serum
C) IgG can cross the placenta, IgM usually does not
D) IgG has two antigen-binding sites, IgM has ten
E) IgG is formed early during the primary response, IgM is formed later   

10) Which of the following organs is most essential for proper immune maturation and functioning:
A) spleen
B) liver
C) thyroid
D) thymus
E) lymph nodes  

11) IgA deficiency is the most common immunoglobin deficiency, affecting about 1 in 800 persons.  Typically, normal levels of other immunoglobulins are observed such that a lack of IgA is usually the only mesurable immune deficit in those patients. It is a genetic disorder resulting in a lack of IgA production and, though it has no cure, treatments generally involve controlling any associated infections that may occur as a result of this specific immune deficiency.  Which of the following would probably NOT be a disease that individuals with IgA deficiency would be susceptible to:
A) recurring bacterial sinus infections
B) chronic helminth parasitic infections
C) chronic pulmonary infections
D) gastrointestinal infections
E) frequent tonsilitis   

12) Which of the following cell types can be infected by HIV:
A) B-cells
B) T-helper cells
C) macrophages
D) vaginal epithelium
E) glial cells   

13) Corticosteriods (such as prednisone) are commonly prescribed drugs for certain immune-related disorders. Immunosuppresive drugs like this and others may decrease the severity of symptoms of all of the following except:
A) graft-versus-host reaction
B) systemic lupus erythematosus
C) myasthenia gravis
D) Type-I hypersensitivity reactions
E) AIDS   

14) Which of the following statements is false: "For almost every foreign antigen you may encounter...":
A) ...a subset of B-cells already exists in your body specific to it.
B) ...a subset of T-helper cells already exists in your body that expresses a T-cell receptor specific to it.
C) ...a subset of phagocytes already exists in your body that phagocytizes only that antigen.
D) ...a subset of antigen-specific antibodies already exists, but are not yet produced in large numbers.
E) ...a subset of antigen-specific memory cells can be produced upon exposure to that antigen.   

15) Which of the following is a cytokine produced by T-cells that acts mainly to activate B-cells to proliferate:
A) Interleukin 1
B) Interleukin 4
C) Interleukin 10
D) Interleukin 12
E) Interferon gamma   

Answers:  

1) Which statement regarding blood cells is correct:
A) all blood cells originate in red bone marrow
B) red bone marrow is the primary source of all blood cells except mast cells and macrophage
C) most types of leukocytes appear in equal amounts in the blood
D) erythrocytes are produced in red marrow while leukocytes are produced primarily in lymph nodes
E) erythrocytes produce erythropoetin which stimulates leukocyte production   

2) Which of the following are organs where activation of T and B cells usually occurs:
A) bone marrow
B) thymus
C) lymph nodes
D) lymph vessels
E) all of the above

3) Lymph fluid is returned into general circulation by draining into the:
A) superior vena cava
B) azygos and hemiazygos veins
C) cisterna chyli
D) subclavian veins
E) left atrium  

4) Nonspecific immunity includes all of the following except:
A) immunoglobulin
B) complement
C) interferons
D) neutrophils
E) lysozyme   

5) The most abundant immunoglobulin type found in blood is:
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgM
E) IgY   

9) Which of the following is not a difference between IgG and IgM:
A) IgM is a pentamer while IgG is a monomer
B) IgM is found in lower amounts in serum
C) IgG can cross the placenta, IgM usually does not
D) IgG has two antigen-binding sites, IgM has ten
E) IgG is formed early during the primary response, IgM is formed later   

10) Which of the following organs is most essential for proper immune maturation and functioning:
A) spleen
B) liver
C) thyroid
D) thymus
E) lymph nodes

11) IgA deficiency is the most common immunoglobin deficiency, affecting about 1 in 800 persons.  Typically, normal levels of other immunoglobulins are observed such that a lack of IgA is usually the only mesurable immune deficit in those patients. It is a genetic disorder resulting in a lack of IgA production and, though it has no cure, treatments generally involve controlling any associated infections that may occur as a result of this specific immune deficiency.  Which of the following would probably NOT be a disease that individuals with IgA deficiency would be susceptible to:
A) recurring bacterial sinus infections
B) chronic helminth parasitic infections
C) chronic pulmonary infections
D) gastrointestinal infections
E) frequent tonsilitis   

12) Which of the following cell types can be infected by HIV:
A) B-cells
B) T-helper cells
C) macrophages
D) vaginal epithelium
E) neuroglial cells   

13) Corticosteriods (such as prednisone) are commonly prescribed drugs for certain immune-related disorders. Immunosuppresive drugs like this and others may decrease the severity of symptoms of all of the following except:
A) graft-versus-host reaction
B) systemic lupus erythematosus
C) myasthenia gravis
D) Type-I hypersensitivity reactions
E) AIDS   

14) Which of the following statements is false: "For almost every foreign antigen you may encounter...":
A) ...a subset of B-cells already exists in your body specific to it.
B) ...a subset of T-helper cells already exists in your body that expresses a T-cell receptor specific to it.
C) ...a subset of phagocytes already exists in your body that phagocytizes only that antigen.
D) ...a subset of antigen-specific antibodies already exists, but are not yet produced in large numbers.
E) ...a subset of antigen-specific memory cells can be produced upon exposure to that antigen.   

15) Which of the following is a cytokine produced by T-cells that acts mainly to activate B-cells to proliferate:
A) Interleukin 1
B) Interleukin 2
C) Interleukin 4
D) Interleukin 10
E) Interferon gamma