Autonomic Nervous System and Vision:

1. The somatic nervous system
     a. is part of the sympathetic nervous system
     b. is part of the parasympathetic nervous system
     c. is part of the autonomic nervous system
     d. none of the above

2. Effector organs of the autonomic nervous system includes all of the following EXCEPT:
     a. medulla oblongata
     b. heart
     c. smooth muscles
     d. glands

3. Some of the nerves that innervate lymph nodes have been discovered to be adrenergic (can release norepinephrine). This would suggest that:
     a. the parasympathetic nervous system may influence lymph node activity
     b. the sympathetic nervous system must act to enhance lymph node activity
     c. the parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on lymph node activity
     d. the sympathetic nervous system may influence lymph node activity

4. The effector pathway of the autonomic nervous system generally contains:
     a. one neuron
     b. two neurons
     c. three neurons
     d. five neurons

5. All preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete:
     a. epinephrine
     b. acetylcholine
     c. nicotine
     d. dopamine

6. All postganglionic neurons bear these receptors:
     a. alpha adrenergic
     b. beta adrenergic
     c. nicotinic
     d. muscarinic

7. The parasympathetic nervous system affects all of these organs EXCEPT:
     a. heart
     b. pupillary smooth muscles
     c. salivary glands
     d. adrenal glands

8. The sclera and cornea constitute this layer of the eye:
     a. retinal tunic
     b. vascular tunic
     c. fibrous tunic
     d. nervous tunic

9. "Night blindness" is an early sign of:
     a. cataracts
     b. glaucoma
     c. vitamin A deficiency
     d. myopia

10. Sympathetic stimulation of the iris causes:
     a. astigmatism
     b. pupillary constriction
     c. pupillary dilation
     d. glaucoma

11. Cone cells are photoreceptors that:
     a. respond to low light levels
     b. respond to colored light
     c. are found in the optic disc
     d. are found in the vascular tunic

12. The region where the lens focuses the image onto the retina is the:
     a. optic nerve
     b. fovea
     c. pupil
     d. blind spot

13. The fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye is the:
     a. lacrimal fluid
     b. vitreous humor
     c. aqueous humor
     d. jocular humor

14. The major light absorbing pigment in retinal photoreceptors is:
     a. rhodopsin
     b. melanin
     c. glutamate
     d. chlorophyll

15. Photoreceptors release more neurotransmitters:
     a. in brighter light
     b. in darkness
     c. only when stimulated by bipolar cells
     d. none of the above

Answers:

1. The somatic nervous system
     a. is part of the sympathetic nervous system
     b. is part of the parasympathetic nervous system
     c. is part of the autonomic nervous system
     d. none of the above

2. Effector organs of the autonomic nervous system includes all of the following EXCEPT:
     a. medulla oblongata
     b. heart
     c. smooth muscles
     d. glands

3. Some of the nerves that innervate lymph nodes have been discovered to be adrenergic (can release norepinephrine). This would suggest that:
     a. the parasympathetic nervous system may influence lymph node activity
     b. the sympathetic nervous system must act to enhance lymph node activity
     c. the parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on lymph node activity
     d. the sympathetic nervous system may influence lymph node activity

4. The effector pathway of the autonomic nervous system generally contains:
     a. one neuron
     b. two neurons
     c. three neurons
     d. five neurons

5. All preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete:
     a. epinephrine
     b. acetylcholine
     c. nicotine
     d. dopamine

6. All postganglionic neurons bear these receptors:
     a. alpha adrenergic
     b. beta adrenergic
     c. nicotinic
     d. muscarinic

7. The parasympathetic nervous system affects all of these organs EXCEPT:
     a. heart
     b. pupillary smooth muscles
     c. salivary glands
     d. adrenal glands

8. The sclera and cornea constitute this layer of the eye:
     a. retinal tunic
     b. vascular tunic
     c. fibrous tunic
     d. nervous tunic

9. "Night blindness" is an early sign of:
     a. cataracts
     b. glaucoma
     c. vitamin A deficiency
     d. myopia

10. Sympathetic stimulation of the iris causes:
     a. astigmatism
     b. pupillary constriction
     c. pupillary dilation
     d. glaucoma

11. Cone cells are photoreceptors that:
     a. respond to low light levels
     b. respond to colored light
     c. are found in the optic disc
     d. are found in the vascular tunic

12. The region where the lens focuses the image onto the retina is the:
     a. optic nerve
     b. fovea
     c. pupil
     d. blind spot

13. The fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye is the:
     a. lacrimal fluid
     b. vitreous humor
     c. aqueous humor
     d. jocular humor

14. The major light absorbing pigment in retinal photoreceptors is:
     a. rhodopsin
     b. melanin
     c. glutamate
     d. chlorophyll

15. Photoreceptors release more neurotransmitters:
     a. in brighter light
     b. in darkness
     c. only when stimulated by bipolar cells
     d. none of the above